English For Research ( part 2): Definite/Indefinite Articles

Generally, indefinite articles (a, an) are used with countable nouns while the definite article (the) is normally applied with uncountable nouns. However, they can be used with both countable or uncountable nouns in some cases. In this part, the use of articles (a, an, the) for both countable and uncountable nouns is presented:

1. countable nouns: use with articles

A countable noun is something you can count: 30 books, many manuscripts, 100 apples, several PCs.

     1.    Before a singular countable noun you must put an article (a / an or the).

Example: You cannot leave the country without a passport. (NOT You cannot leave country without passport .)

      2.    If you are talking about something in general, then do not use the with plural nouns.

Example: Throughout the world, full professors tend to earn more than researchers. (NOT Throughout the world, the full professors tend to earn more than the researchers .)

3. Scientific / technical acronyms whose last letter stands for a countable noun behave like other countable nouns. They thus require an article when used in the singular, and an -s when used in the plural.

Example: The number of purchases of CDs is only 1% of what is was 25 years ago. (NOT The number of purchases of CD is only 1% of what is was 25 years ago.)

      4.    After as and in ,a few singular countable nouns are used without any article.

      Example: We used X as input , and Y as output . (NOT We used X as an input, and Y as an output.) 

 

(An essay -How to write an academic paper (part2: Correct Order

Today, one of the most difficult challenges for student is writing an academic paper. While knowledge and oratory are what students need more in the professional world, writing a research paper demands more than these two skills.

there are significant differences between the ways that researchers from different disciplines (for example medical, mathematical and sociological) write and construct their articles. However, whatever field you are in, the rules of well-structured paper in English are the same: clarity, logic, conciseness (no redundancy), no ambiguity, and the highest level of readability possible. 

بهینه‌سازی استوار (Robust Optimization) -قسمت اول

استفاده از چه رویکردی برای مقابله با عدم قطعیت در مسائل بهینه‌سازی مناسب و مقرون به صرفه است؟   

(An essay -How to write an academic paper (part 1: Good method

Today, one of the most difficult challenges for student is writing an academic paper. While knowledge and oratory are what students need more in the professional world, writing a research paper demands more than these two skill.

there are significant differences between the ways that researchers from different disciplines (for example medical, mathematical and sociological) write and construct their articles. However, whatever field you are in, the rules of well-structured paper in English are the same: clarity, logic, conciseness (no redundancy), no ambiguity, and the highest level of readability possible.  

 This essay is aimed at students or researchers in any field of study who wish to write a research paper in English. This article is useful for both inexperienced and experienced authors (also authors whose first language are English or not). It helps You to increase your chances of acceptance of your manuscript. 

English For Research (part 1: Nouns: plurals, countable versus uncountable)

Creating an attractive English context requires to know the elements of a sentences (such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc) and the rules of their application as well. as a result, we should fist identify the parts of a sentence so that we can use them in correct forms.

in this section, the rules related to one of the most important parts are explained

1. regular plurals

1. To form the plural of most countable nouns (including acronyms) simply add s or es to the end of the word.

2. In a noun + of + noun construction where the two nouns indicate a single entity, the fi rst noun is made plural.

3. Adjectives are never made plural.

4. Nouns that act as adjectives are not made plural.

5. A noun which follows a number (or an implied number) is used in the singular form when acting as an adjective. Note the use of hyphens.

6. fold , which is a suffix to indicate a specified number of parts or times, does not have a plural -s. Note the use of hyphens. 

بهینه‌سازی استوار (Robust Optimization) -مقدمه

عدم قطعیت:
می‌توان مفهوم عدم قطعیت را شرایطی تعریف کرد که داده‌ها و اطلاعات به طور ناقص وجود دارد. مثلا تفاوت و فاصله بین مقدار اطلاعات لازم برای انجام کاری و مقدار اطلاعات موجود.      

So / Such

So + Adjective

USE

"So" can be combined with adjectives to show extremes. This form is often used in exclamations.

A Vs. An- part2

USE 9

A and AN are called indefinite articles. "Indefinite" means "not specific". Use A(AN) when you are talking about a thing in general, NOT a specific thing.

A vs. An- part 1

USE 1

The article A is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with consonant sounds.

Adverbs / Adjectives / Linking Verbs

Adverbs